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Chapter V
Specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills - F81
Disorders in which the normal patterns of skill acquisition are disturbed from the early stages of development. This is not simply a consequence of a lack of opportunity to learn, it is not solely a result of mental retardation, and it is not due to any form of acquired brain trauma or disease.
| F81.0 |
Specific reading disorder
The main feature is a specific and significant impairment in the development of reading skills that is not solely accounted for by mental age, visual acuity problems, or inadequate schooling. Reading comprehension skill, reading word recognition, oral reading skill, and performance of tasks requiring reading may all be affected. Spelling difficulties are frequently associated with specific reading disorder and often remain into adolescence even after some progress in reading has been made. Specific developmental disorders of reading are commonly preceded by a history of disorders in speech or language development. Associated emotional and behavioural disturbances are common during the school age period.
"Backward reading"
Developmental dyslexia
Specific reading retardation
Excludes:
- alexia NOS ( R48.0 )
dyslexia NOS ( R48.0 )
reading difficulties secondary to emotional disorders ( F93.- )
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| F81.1 |
Specific spelling disorder
The main feature is a specific and significant impairment in the development of spelling skills in the absence of a history of specific reading disorder, which is not solely accounted for by low mental age, visual acuity problems, or inadequate schooling. The ability to spell orally and to write out words correctly are both affected.
Specific spelling retardation (without reading disorder)
Excludes:
- agraphia NOS ( R48.8 )
spelling difficulties:
- associated with a reading disorder ( F81.0 )
- due to inadequate teaching ( Z55.8 )
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| F81.2 |
Specific disorder of arithmetical skills
Involves a specific impairment in arithmetical skills that is not solely explicable on the basis of general mental retardation or of inadequate schooling. The deficit concerns mastery of basic computational skills of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rather than of the more abstract mathematical skills involved in algebra, trigonometry, geometry, or calculus.
Developmental:
acalculia
arithmetical disorder
Gerstmann's syndrome
Excludes:
- acalculia NOS ( R48.8 )
arithmetical difficulties:
- associated with a reading or spelling disorder ( F81.3 )
- due to inadequate teaching ( Z55.8 )
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| F81.3 |
Mixed disorder of scholastic skills
An ill-defined residual category of disorders in which both arithmetical and reading or spelling skills are significantly impaired, but in which the disorder is not solely explicable in terms of general mental retardation or of inadequate schooling. It should be used for disorders meeting the criteria for both F81.2 and either F81.0 or F81.1.
Excludes:
- specific:
- disorder of arithmetical skills ( F81.2 )
- reading disorder ( F81.0 )
- spelling disorder ( F81.1 )
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| F81.8 |
Other developmental disorders of scholastic skills
Developmental expressive writing disorder
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| F81.9 |
Developmental disorder of scholastic skills, unspecified
Knowledge acquisition disability NOS
Learning:
disability NOS
disorder NOS
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Related drugs:
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